Ecuador-Peru Border War (1941) and Banana Boom

Ecuador-Peru Border War (1941) 

Ecuador and Peru share a long border made up largely of jungle and high mountains. As is the case with many such borders around the world, disputes arise, and conflict breaks out. In this century, these Latin American neighbors have fought three times, (1941, 1981 and 1995), over the area known as the Cordillera del Condor region. After much bloodshed and, since 1995, much negotiating, these Andean nations signed a peace accord on October 26, 1998.

DATES OF CONFLICT:

BEGAN: July 5, 1941

ENDED: July 31, 1941

CAUSES OF CONFLICT:

The territorial dispute between Ecuador and Peru originated in Spanish Colonial times. Upon independence, Ecuador joined what is now known as"Great Colombia", comprised of the territories of Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia and Panama (then a part of Colombia). In 1829, the Treaty of Peace and Limits of Guayaquil was signed. Subsequently, in 1830, Pedemonte-Mosquera Protocol was signed. They established the Marañon-Amazon River as the border between Peru and Ecuador; however, Peru has contested these agreements. Between 1936 and 1938, representatives from Ecuador and Peru attempted to negotiate a treaty in Washington, D.C., consequently, the Peruvians withdrew from the negotiations. A series of border clashes were fought in the years between 1938 and 1940. Peru decided to settle the matter by force after a border clash in July 1941.

DESCRIPTION OF CONFLICT:

Ecuador was unprepared to meet the July 5 Peruvian invasion. The much larger Peruvian army of 13,000 men, supported by a battalion of armor, together with artillery and air support (known as Group of the North or agrupamiento del Norte commanded by General Eloy G. Ureta), moved quickly into the southern coastal province of El Oro, threatening Guayaquil. The fewer than 1,800 Ecuadorian troops in the area lacked air cover and could offer only limited resistance. The Ecuadorian president's fear of being left unprotected from his political opponents led him to keep the nation's best fighting forces in Quito. Peruvian forces also moved into the disputed Amazonian territory without significant opposition. Peruvian troops continuously attacked the nation's southern and eastern provinces until a ceasefire went into effect on July 31. After a campaign lasting only three weeks, an armistice was arranged. 

The 1941 war with Ecuador was a major success for Peruvian forces. By theend of the month, when military actions ceased, Peru held Ecuador's southernmost province of El Oro and much of the disputed eastern jungle territory that had been part of Ecuador since the 1830s.

CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT:

The Rio Protocol of February 1942 awarded to Peru some 205,000 square kilometers of previously disputed Amazon territory. The subsequent Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries (Rio Protocol) imposed on Ecuador acceptance of Peru's claims in the Amazonian region in return for Peruvian withdrawal from Ecuador's coastal provinces.

CASUALTY FIGURES:

Ecuador: Up to 400-500 killed

Peru: 107 members of Air Force, Army, and Guarda Civil killed

Taken from: http://www.historyguy.com/Ecuador-Peru_War_of_1941.html#.VtORCpzhDIV

Banana Boom

Dear students: 

a) Watch the video and complete the sentences. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EV6XM-Z7l7Q

1. At the end of the 1940's (1948-1972) the _______________ and ________________ of banana icreased.

2. The causes of the Banana Boom were: Multinational _________________ in our country, great ______________ impact, ______________ from the highlands to the coast, urban _______________ and social impact.

3. Ecuador became the first banana _______________ in the world in___________.

4. The initial expansión process lasted until the latest _______'s.

5. The plage and ________________ that devastated ______________ and _________________ helped to increased the Ecuadorian banana production.

b) Watch the second video and write notes (5 ideas) about the problems of banana production and its consequences on workers. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9-KQepO3t8

Social Studies: July Revolution

Dear Students: Wathc the video, and answer the questions. Print the information you will find at the end, too.

Video about the July revolution: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3gmcBgI_uE

Questions:

1. What was the July revolution?
2. Why it happened?
3. When it happened?
4. What did the July revolution look for?
5. Why did the Kemmerer misión come to Ecuador?

Years of political turmoil

• Cacao exportation crisis was the beginning of a long recession period that last until 1940.
• Ecuador linked its economy with the international market through the cacao exportations. Our country was dependant of this product and when prices and production decrease, an economic crisis began.
• Public work stopped and salary ceased, but prices and inflation rose.
• Land lords and burgueses got weak. The Highlands was the least affected region.
• Country's laws change, specially is aspects related to social protection and right for workers.
• Economy in our country diversified. 
• Industrial expansion began in the highlands with a wider textil growing.
• Straw hats industry had a big growth.
• Government took steps to recover and stabilize the economy and reduced the external debt.
• Other agricultural products replaced cacao, such as coffee which was easier to export.
• There were many protest for reclaiming the land. Cacao farmers became tenants.
• In 1931 a indigenous movement motivated by the liberals started.
• In 1938 the "Ley de Comunas", or Law of Communes, was adopted.
• Also in this year, artisans created the CEDOC (Confederación ecuatoriana de obreros católicos) an organization formed by catholic workers and artisans.
• In 1934 a new working organization appeared.
• In the 1940's the first labour union congress took place. Our country experience a diversification of the economy and in the society, appearing new social and labour actors.

Reading comprehension:

Complete the sentences with the correct information:

1. Our country was dependant of the _______________, when it production and price decrease, an _____________________ began.

2. The industrial expansión began with ___________________ growing, specially in the highlands.

3. The _____________ was an easier product to export, so it replaced cacao.

4. The ______________ is the organization formed by ______________ workers and artisans.

5. New ____________ and _____________ actors appeared in our country in the 1940's, because of a diversification of the society. 

Language Arts - Flyers (print)

Image taken from the book Fun for flyers from the Cambridge University page.

DCD´s Block 4

Language Arts: What do different cultures give to the world?-Why are mountains important?–(Unit 10, 11, 12)

Unit 10

DCD1

To understand vocabulary for descriptive adjectives by identifying words in context activating the students existing knowledge about food and recipes.

DCD2

To demonstrate understanding of a story by discussing given questions and describing pictures to tell the story.

DCD3

To request information to describe places, pictures or situations and respond using short answers to follow a conversation.

Unit 11

DCD4

To talk about different landscapes throughout applying the new vocabulary and their existing knowledge about geography.

DCD5

To give a simple description of an action and focus the attention in the action, understanding that it is not important or not known; however, who or what is performing the action.

DCD6

To read, understand and discuss an informational text to give reasons for why things happened and what happened applying reading strategies.

Unit 12

DCD7

To describe different landscapes and mountains throughout applying the new vocabulary and their existing knowledge about geography.

DCD8

To read, understand and discuss a fictional narrative text; to apply a reading strategy to write a descriptive essay.

DCD9

To give a simple description of an action and focus the attention in the action, understanding that it is not important or not known; however, who or what is performing the action in the past.

Science:  Climate, an ever-changing air.

DCD1

To relate the characteristics of the climate in the forested regions with the characteristics of the flora and fauna of the region, from observation, description and interpretation of the aspects observed.  (Reinforcement Spanish Class)

DCD2

To differentiate the characteristics and composition of the atmospheric layers, from observation and interpretation of graphics and the description of each layer.  (Reinforcement Spanish Class)

DCD3

To analyze the information provided by weather stations for the weather forecast, from the experimental data acquisition, data interpretation and bibliographic information.

DCD4

To explain the impact that climate zones have on the forest biomes with observation and audiovisual interpretation, bibliographic research and comparative analysis of the characteristics and peculiarities of the mangroves on the coast, Andean cloud forests and Ecuadorian Amazon jungle.

DCD 5

To describe the main characteristics learn in the block by explaining the weather changes in a weather forecast.

Social Studies:  Hectic and Struggling years.

1. To analyse and describe the period from 1925 to 1947, the presidential periods during this period of time and the social, political and economic facts which cause social fights of and organized people to value the artistic expressions committed to a social changes that includes an examination of the way of living and women’s participation in the society.

(Reinforce for Spanish class)

2. To establish causes and consequences that origin the Peruvian invasion and the territorial division of Ecuador, popular reactions from a multi-causal analysis.

3. To characterize the social stability from 1948 to 1960, with the banana boom, the middle class up growth and the development of communication routes.

4. To value the development of political and social rights product of the civil Ecuadorian society fight for an increasing democracy.

5. To describe the main facts and changes that occurred in Ecuador from 1920 to 1940.